Necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres migrantes venezolanas

Objetivo . Conocer las necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva de la población venezolana migrante residente en Lima y Trujillo. Métodos . La muestra estuvo constituida por 1,616 mujeres, de ellas 1,114 mujeres del cono sur de Lima y 502 mujeres de la provincia de Trujillo, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta para evaluar las siguientes dimensiones: características poblacionales, requerimientos de servicios de salud, salud materna, planificación familiar, prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y mama e infecciones de transmisión sexual. Resultados . La mayoría de las mujeres venezolanas tenía entre 20 y 34 años. Contaban con cédula de identidad en un 66,8%; sin embargo, en 60% el documento no se encontraba vigente y más del 80% no tenía regularizada su condición migratoria. El estado conviviente correspondía a 46% y soltera a 40,8%. El 56,7% de las encuestadas indicó tener estudios secundarios; el 82,2% tenía un ingreso mensual familiar menor de 900 soles; el 75,1% en Lima y el 94% en Trujillo refirió no contar con algún tipo de seguro. Solo el 48% usaba algún método anticonceptivo, preferentemente los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración. Entre 78% y 85,1% no hacía uso de servicios de prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y más del 90% no lo hacía para prevención de cáncer de mama. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual estuvieron presentes en 2 y 5% de la población encuestada, respectivamente. Conclusión . El perfil de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) de la población migrante venezolana de las zonas de estudio tuvieron sus características propias no comparables con la vulnerabilidad de la población peruana, y revela que en ellas existen necesidades en SSR que requieren ser atendidas.

Objective : To determine the sexual and reproductive health needs of the Venezuelan migrant population residing in Lima and Trujillo. Methods : The sample consisted of 1,616 women, including 1,114 women from the southern cone of Lima and 502 women from the province of Trujillo. A survey was applied to evaluate the following dimensions: population characteristics, health service requirements, maternal health, family planning, cervical and breast cancer prevention, and sexually transmitted infections. Results : Most of the Venezuelan women were between 20-34 years old. They had an identity card in 66.8%; however, 60% of them did not have a valid document and more than 80% did not have their migratory status regularized. 46% were cohabiters and 40.8% were single. 56.7% reported having secondary education. 82.2% had a monthly family income of less than 900 soles; 75.1% in Lima and 94% in Trujillo reported not having any type of insurance. Only 48% used any contraceptive method, preferably long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. Between 78%85.1% did not use cervical cancer prevention services and more than 90% did not use breast cancer prevention services. Sexually transmitted infections were present in 2 and 5% of the surveyed population. Conclusion : The sexual and reproductive health (SRH) profile of the Venezuelan migrant population in the study areas had its own characteristics that was not comparable with the vulnerability of the Peruvian population, and reveals that they have SRH needs that require attention.

Estudio transversal sobre la calidad de vida y el riesgo psicosocial de trabajadores migrantes / A cross-sectional study on the quality of life and psychosocial risk of migrant workers

Introducción Las cifras migratorias sitúan a Chile como uno de los países sudamericanos con mayor número de migrantes. El presente estudio estimó la relación entre características sociodemográficas, calidad de vida y riesgos psicosociales laborales en migrantes trabajadores de la región del Maule. Métodos Estudio transversal con trabajadores migrantes entre 18 y 60 años, residentes en la Región del Maule (n = 145). Las encuestas aplicadas fueron: Cuestionario de riesgo psicosocial, Cuestionario de salud y calidad de vida y Cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se realizó un análisis estadístico bivariado con pruebas no paramétricas de U de Mann Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, correlación de Spearman y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados Un 21% de los migrantes mantuvo en Chile la misma actividad laboral a la que se dedicaban en su país de origen. Si bien la calidad de vida de la salud física y mental es adecuada, 52% presenta bajas demandas psicológicas en el trabajo, 48,9% bajos niveles de trabajo activo y habilidades de desarrollo, 57,7% tiene un nivel de alto riesgo en la compensación y la autoestima, y 65,5% un nivel de alto riesgo de doble presencia en el trabajo. Los migrantes con mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud física presentan menor riesgo de mantener el equilibrio entre el esfuerzo y recompensa, poseen un trabajo de 44 horas a la semana y no llegaron a trabajar directamente al Maule. Los migrantes con mayor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud mental poseen menor riesgo en las demandas emocionales, perciben mayor apoyo social en la empresa y menor preocupación por las tareas domésticas. Conclusiones Los migrantes con menor calidad de vida en la dimensión salud física, presentan menores compensaciones en el trabajo, bajo reconocimiento, llegaron directamente a trabajar a la región y poseían trabajos con menos horas de contrato. Los trabajadores con menor calidad de vida en su salud mental exhiben mayor riesgo en las exigencias psicológicas en el trabajo, perciben bajo apoyo social en la empresa y preocupación por responder al trabajo doméstico y al asalariado.

Introduction Migration figures place Chile as one of the South American countries with the highest rate of migrants. The present study estimated the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, quality of life, and psychosocial occupational risks in migrant workers from the Maule region. Methods Cross-sectional study with migrant workers between 18 and 60 years of age residing in the Maule region (n = 145). The applied questionnaires were: a psychosocial risk questionnaire, a health and quality of life questionnaire, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. A bivariate statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlation, and multiple linear regression models. Results In Chile, 21% of the migrants maintained the same work activity as in their country of origin. Although the quality of life in physical and mental health is adequate, 52% have low psychological demands at work, 48.9% have low levels of active work and development skills, 57.7% have a high-risk level of compensation and self-esteem, and 65.5% have a high-risk level of double presence at work. Migrants with a higher quality of life in the physical health dimension have a lower risk of maintaining a balance between effort and reward; they worked 44 hours a week and did not work directly at Maule. Migrants with a higher quality of life in the mental health dimension have a lower risk of emotional demands, perceive greater social support in the company, and are less concerned about domestic chores. Conclusions Migrants with lower quality of life in the physical health dimension presented less compensation at work and recognition, came to work directly in the region, and had jobs with fewer contract hours. Workers with lower quality of life in their mental health exhibited a greater risk of psychological demands at work and perceived low social support in the company; they were concerned about having to respond to domestic and salaried work.

Investigation on medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate and understand the medical security and quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control countermeasures of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis and targeted poverty alleviation. Methods: Using a stratified random sampling method, 200 migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis at the Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine from January 2016 to December 2021 were selected as the observation group, while 200 non migrant workers diagnosed with pneumoconiosis were selected as the control group. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Pneumoconiosis Questionnaire were used to collect and compare information on the age, working age of dust exposure, economic sources, employment status, income, medical security and quality of life of two groups of patients. Results: The age of migrant worker pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group was (58.1±8.1) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (19.3±10.1) years. The main source of income was children support (85.5%, 171/200), employment status was mainly wait for employment or unemployed (69.0%, 138/200), personal monthly income was mainly non income (90.0%, 180/200), and family annual income was mainly less than 10000 yuan (48.0%, 96/200). The average personal annual medical expenditure of 5000-<10000 yuan accounted for 42.0% (84/200). The age of pneumoconiosis patients in the control group was (59.2±8.9) years old, and the working age of dust exposure was (20.2±10.5) years. The main source of income was retirement pension or salary (99.0%, 198/200), with retirement as the main employment status (66.0%, 132/200), the main personal monthly income was 2000-<4000 yuan (61.5%, 123/200), the main family annual income was 20000-<40000 yuan (44.0%, 88/200), and the average personal annual medical expenditure was mostly non-expenditure (92.0%, 184/200). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of economic sources, employment status, personal monthly income, family annual income and average personal annual medical expenditure between the two groups (P<0.001). The main type of insurance for the observation group was rural cooperative medical care (68.5%, 137/200), and 87.0% (174/200) had no medical reimbursement and a proportion less than 50%. There were statistically significant differences in insurance type and medical reimbursement proportion between the two groups (P<0.001). The respiratory symptoms, activity ability, daily life influence and total quality of life scores of pneumoconiosis patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001) . Conclusion: Migrant workers with pneumoconiosis have low income, high medical expenditure, low medical reimbursement proportion and poor quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to draw high attention from relevant departments and provide timely attention and assistance to improve the quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis.

Perspectives of health practitioners on the challenges to accessing sexual and reproductive health care services for Venezuelan migrant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quito, Ecuador / Perspectivas de los prestadores de atención de salud sobre las dificultades de acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres migrantes venezolanas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Quito (Ecuador) / Perspectivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre as dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres migrantes venezuelanas durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em Quito, Equador

ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the perspectives of health practitioners on the barriers, gaps, and opportunities that Venezuelan migrant women experienced to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services during the COVID-19 pandemic and how SRH services were affected in Quito, Ecuador. Methods. Health practitioners involved in SRH services at nine public health care facilities in three zones of Quito were surveyed. The Minimum Initial Service Package readiness assessment tool survey, available from the Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis, was adapted for use and data collection in Ecuador. Results. Of 297 respondents, 227 were included in the analysis. Only 16% of the health practitioners agreed that discrimination against migrant Venezuelans women occurred in the health care system. Of those, only 2.3% described specific conditions associated with discrimination, including requiring identification documents (7.5%) and lack of empathy or responsiveness (6.6%). Most (65.2%) respondents reported that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the use of SRH services by women in the general population and by Venezuelan migrant women more so (56.3%) because of more limited access to SRH services, poverty, and vulnerability. There were no differences between perceptions by levels of health care facility, except with regard to the lack of supplies, awareness of discrimination, and the belief that Venezuelan migrant women were affected more negatively than the local population. Conclusion. The perception among health practitioners in Quito was that discrimination occurred infrequently during the COVID-19 pandemic despite affecting the health care system. However, some level of discrimination toward migrant Venezuelan migrant women seeking SRH services was acknowledged and may be underrepresented.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir las perspectivas de los prestadores de atención de salud sobre los obstáculos, las brechas y las oportunidades que registraron las mujeres migrantes venezolanas para acceder a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y cómo se vieron afectados estos servicios en Quito (Ecuador). Métodos. Se encuestó a prestadores de atención de salud que trabajan en servicios de SSR en nueve centros de salud pública de tres zonas de Quito. Se utilizó una adaptación de la encuesta sobre el instrumento de evaluación de la disposición operativa del paquete de servicios iniciales mínimos, disponible en el Grupo de Trabajo Interinstitucional sobre Salud Reproductiva en Situaciones de Crisis, para la recopilación de datos en Ecuador. Resultados. De las 297 personas encuestadas, 227 quedaron incluidas en el análisis. Solo el 16% de los prestadores de atención de salud estaba de acuerdo en que en el sistema de salud había discriminación contra las mujeres migrantes venezolanas. De estos, solo el 2,3% describió circunstancias específicas asociadas a la discriminación, como la exigencia de documentos de identidad (7,5%) y la falta de empatía o capacidad de respuesta (6,6%). La mayoría (65,2%) de las personas encuestadas manifestó que la pandemia de COVID-19 había impactado en el uso de los servicios de SSR por parte de las mujeres de la población general y, en mayor medida, por parte de las mujeres migrantes venezolanas (56,3%) debido a sus limitaciones para acceder a los servicios de SSR, su pobreza y su vulnerabilidad. No hubo diferencias en las percepciones según el nivel de los centros de salud, excepto con respecto a la falta de insumos, la concientización sobre la discriminación y la creencia de que estas mujeres se vieron más afectadas que la población local. Conclusión. La percepción en los prestadores de atención de salud en Quito fue que, pese a ser un fenómeno que afectaba al sistema de atención de salud, la discriminación había sido poco frecuente durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, se reconoció cierto nivel de discriminación hacia las mujeres migrantes venezolanas que solicitaban servicios de SSR y que este fenómeno podría estar subrepresentado.

RESUMO Objetivos. Descrever as perspectivas dos profissionais de saúde sobre as barreiras, lacunas e oportunidades que as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas encontraram para acessar serviços de saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR) durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e como esses serviços foram afetados em Quito, Equador. Métodos. Foram entrevistados profissionais de saúde envolvidos nos serviços de SSR de nove unidades públicas de saúde de três zonas de Quito. Adaptou-se o questionário de avaliação da prontidão para oferecer o pacote de serviço inicial mínimo, disponibilizado pelo grupo de trabalho interagencial sobre saúde reprodutiva em situações de crise, a fim de realizar a coleta de dados no Equador. Resultados. Dos 297 respondentes, 227 foram incluídos na análise. Apenas 16% dos profissionais de saúde concordaram que havia discriminação contra mulheres migrantes venezuelanas no sistema de saúde. Desses, apenas 2,3% descreveram condições específicas associadas à discriminação, como cobrança de documentos de identificação (7,5%) e falta de empatia ou responsividade (6,6%). A maioria (65,2%) dos respondentes relatou que a pandemia de COVID-19 afetou o uso dos serviços de SSR por mulheres na população de modo geral. As mulheres migrantes venezuelanas foram mais afetadas (56,3%) devido ao acesso limitado a serviços de SSR e à pobreza e vulnerabilidade. Não houve diferenças de percepção entre diferentes níveis de atenção à saúde, exceto no que diz respeito à falta de insumos, sensibilização para a discriminação e crença de que as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas foram afetadas de forma mais negativa que a população local. Conclusão. Para os profissionais de saúde em Quito, a discriminação foi pouco frequente durante a pandemia de COVID-19, embora a pandemia tenha afetado o sistema de saúde. Entretanto, os profissionais reconheceram certo nível de discriminação contra as mulheres migrantes venezuelanas que procuram serviços de SSR, que pode estar sub-representado.

Perspective of immigrants on personal and family integration in brazilian society / Perspectiva de los inmigrantes sobre la integración personal y familiar en la sociedad brasileña / Perspectiva de imigrantes sobre a integração pessoal e familiar na sociedade brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the experiences of immigrants and their families related to integration in Brazil. Method: this is a descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in a municipality in southern Brazil. The informants were 13 immigrants who had lived in Brazil between six months and five years and who were able to communicate in Portuguese, English or Spanish. Data were collected between May and November 2021, through semi-structured interviews, audio-recorded and subjected to thematic content analysis. Results: the 13 participants were aged between 27 and 65 years (mean age 36 years), nine of whom were women, seven from Venezuela and the others from countries in South, Central America and Africa. Three categories emerged which show the adversities experienced, especially in relation to jobs (low wages, labor exploitation, non-recognition of academic titles), communication difficulties and distance from family. On the other hand, they also show satisfaction with public safety, health care and the possibility of personal and professional development. To maintain family unity and their origins, people in an immigration situation financially help members who could not migrate, make typical foods and use the native language in the home environment. Conclusion: integration into Brazilian society is permeated by challenges, namely the absence/distance from family of origin and/or constituted, lack of understanding of language, work and financial problems and social support network weakness. However, immigrants seek to maintain an adequate family functioning based on the support of institutions and the maintenance of the culture of origin.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las experiencias de los inmigrantes y sus familias con respecto a la integración en Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado en un municipio del sur de Brasil. Los informantes fueron 13 inmigrantes que habían vivido en Brasil entre seis meses y cinco años y que podían comunicarse en portugués, inglés o español. Los datos fueron recolectados entre mayo y noviembre de 2021, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas en audio y sometidas a análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: los 13 participantes tenían entre 27 y 65 años (edad media 36 años), nueve de los cuales eran mujeres, siete de Venezuela y los demás de países de América del Sur, Central y África. Emergieron tres categorías que muestran las adversidades vividas, especialmente en relación al trabajo (bajos salarios, explotación laboral, no reconocimiento de títulos académicos), dificultades de comunicación y distanciamiento familiar. Por otro lado, también muestran satisfacción con la seguridad pública, la atención de la salud y la posibilidad de desarrollo personal y profesional. Para mantener la unidad familiar y sus orígenes, las personas en situación de inmigración ayudan económicamente a los miembros que no pudieron migrar, elaboran comidas típicas y utilizan la lengua materna en el ámbito familiar. Conclusión: la integración en la sociedad brasileña está permeada por desafíos, a saber, la ausencia/lejanía de la familia de origen y/o constituida, la falta de comprensión del idioma, los problemas laborales y financieros y la debilidad en la red de apoyo social. Sin embargo, los inmigrantes buscan mantener un adecuado funcionamiento familiar basado en el apoyo de las instituciones y el mantenimiento de la cultura de origen.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as vivências de imigrantes e suas famílias relativas à integração no Brasil. Método: estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em município no Sul do Brasil. Os informantes foram 13 imigrantes que residiam no Brasil entre seis meses e cinco anos e que conseguiam se comunicar em português, inglês ou espanhol. Os dados foram coletados entre maio e novembro de 2021, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas, audiogravadas e submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: os 13 participantes tinham idades entre 27 e 65 anos (média de 36 anos), sendo nove mulheres, sete provenientes da Venezuela e os demais de países da América do Sul, Central e África. Emergiram três categorias as quais mostram as adversidades experienciadas, sobretudo em relação a empregos (baixos salários, exploração de mão de obra, não reconhecimento de títulos acadêmicos), dificuldades de comunicação e distância da família. Por outro lado, mostram também a satisfação com a segurança pública, assistência à saúde e possibilidade de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional. Para manter a união familiar e suas origens, as pessoas em situação de imigração ajudam financeiramente os membros que não puderam migrar, fazem comidas típicas e utilizam o idioma nativo no ambiente domiciliar. Conclusão: a integração à sociedade brasileira é permeada por desafios, nomeadamente pela ausência/distância da família de origem e/ou constituída, não compreensão do idioma, problemas laborais e financeiros e fragilidade na rede de apoio social. Contudo, os imigrantes buscam manter um adequado funcionamento familiar a partir do apoio de instituições e da manutenção da cultura de origem.

Health care access and migration experiences among Venezuelan female sex workers living in the Dominican Republic / Experiencias en materia de migración y acceso a la atención de salud en trabajadoras sexuales venezolanas residentes en República Dominicana / Acesso à atenção à saúde e experiências de migração entre trabalhadoras do sexo venezuelanas que vivem na República Dominicana

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify sexual risk behaviors and barriers to sexual and reproductive health care (SRH) among Venezuelan female sex workers living in the Dominican Republic. Methods. This was a mixed-methods study using four focus group discussions (FGDs) and a cross-sectional quantitative survey with Venezuelan migrant female sex workers. The study was conducted from September through October 2021 in two urban areas (Santo Domingo and Puerto Plata) in the Dominican Republic. Information collected from the FGDs was analyzed using thematic content analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics. Data analysis was conducted from 30 November 2021 to 20 February 2022. Results. In all, 40 Venezuelan migrant female sex workers with a median (range) age of 33 (19-49) years participated in the FGDs and survey. The FDGs identified barriers to SRH services, including immigration status and its implications for formal employment and health access, mental wellbeing, quality-of-life in the Dominican Republic, navigating sex work, perceptions of sex work, SRH knowledge, and limited social support. Findings of the quantitative analysis indicated that most participants reported feeling depressed (78%), lonely/isolated (75%), and having difficulty sleeping (88%). Participants reported an average of 10 sexual partners in the past 30 days; 55% had engaged in sexual practices while under the influence of alcohol; and only 39% had used a condom when performing oral sex in the past 30 days. Regarding AIDS/HIV, 79% had taken an HIV test in the past 6 months, and 74% knew where to seek HIV services. Conclusions. This mixed-methods study found that nationality and social exclusion have a multilayered influence on migrant female sex workers, sexual risk behaviors, and access to health care. Recommendations for effective evidence-based interventions to address sexual health knowledge need to be implemented to address risky sexual behaviors, improve access to SRH, and reduce affordability barriers.

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RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar comportamentos sexuais de risco e barreiras aos cuidados de saúde sexual e reprodutiva (SSR) entre trabalhadoras do sexo venezuelanas que vivem na República Dominicana. Métodos. Estudo de métodos mistos. Foram realizadas quatro discussões com grupos focais e uma pesquisa quantitativa transversal com trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes venezuelanas. O estudo foi realizado de setembro a outubro de 2021 em dois áreas urbanas (Santo Domingo e Puerto Plata) da República Dominicana. As informações coletadas dos grupos focais foram analisadas por meio de análise temática de conteúdo, e os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas univariadas. A análise dos dados foi realizada de 30 de novembro de 2021 a 20 de fevereiro de 2022. Resultados. No total, 40 trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes venezuelanas, com mediana de idade de 33 anos (mínimo, 19; máximo, 49), participaram dos grupos focais e da pesquisa. Os grupos focais identificaram barreiras aos serviços de SSR, incluindo status de imigração e suas repercussões para o emprego formal e o acesso à saúde, bem-estar mental, qualidade de vida na República Dominicana, navegação do trabalho sexual, percepções do trabalho sexual, conhecimento de SSR e apoio social limitado. Conforme a análise quantitativa, a maioria das participantes relatou sentir-se deprimida (78%), solitária/isolada (75%) e com dificuldade para dormir (88%). As participantes relataram uma média de 10 parceiros sexuais nos últimos 30 dias; 55% praticaram sexo sob efeito de álcool; e apenas 39% usaram preservativo na prática de sexo oral nos últimos 30 dias. Em relação ao HIV/aids, 79% fizeram teste de HIV nos últimos 6 meses e 74% sabiam onde procurar serviços de HIV. Conclusões. Este estudo de métodos mistos constatou que a nacionalidade e a exclusão social têm uma influência multifacetada nas trabalhadoras do sexo migrantes, nos comportamentos sexuais de risco e no acesso à atenção à saúde. É preciso implementar recomendações para intervenções eficazes e baseadas em evidências para abordar o conhecimento da saúde sexual, visando a abordar comportamentos sexuais de risco, melhorar o acesso aos serviços de SSR e reduzir as barreiras de acessibilidade.

Analysis on health-related quality of life of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis in Hunan Province / 中国职业医学

Objective To understand the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis who received basic medical treatment in Hunan Province. Methods A total of 613 migrant workers with pneumoconiosis who received basic medical treatment and assistance in Hunan Province was selected as the study subjects using stratified random sampling method. The European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire was used to assess their HRQOL. Results The abnormality of the five dimensions of the EQ-5D health description system, from high to low, were as follows： daily activities, mobility, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression, and self-care, with the abnormal rates of 50.9%, 46.8%, 41.1%, 21.0%, and 14.5%, respectively. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score of EQ-5D was (63.5±18.6) points. Patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis had high abnormality in mobility, daily activities, and pain/discomfort compared with those with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ disease (all P<0.02). Patients in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ of pneumoconiosis had higher incidence of anxiety/depression compared with those with stage I disease (all P<0.02). Patients with complications in addition to pneumoconiosis had higher abnormality in mobility, self-care, and pain/discomfort compared to those with simple pneumoconiosis or those eligible for lung lavage treatment (all P<0.02). Patients with simple pneumoconiosis had a higher incidence of anxiety/depression compared with those eligible for lung lavage treatment (P<0.02). Patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis had lower average VAS scores compared with stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ patients (all P<0.02). Patients with simple pneumoconiosis or those with complications had lower average VAS scores compared with those eligible for lung lavage treatment (all P<0.05). Conclusion The HRQOL of pneumoconiosis patients among migrant workers needs improvement, especially for patients with stage Ⅲ disease and those with complications. This study indicates the need of optimizing policies, raising the hospitalization expense limit for critically ill patients with stage Ⅲ pneumoconiosis or with complications, and improving their HRQOL.

An Exploration of Pulmonary Fitness of Construction Workers in Delhi NCR in Light of the Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996

Workers in the construction sector are exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter at their workplace. This increases their susceptibility to various respiratory diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The study reports comparative pulmonary fitness and hematological parameters of the migrant workers in the construction sector versus other sectors in Delhi. Parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ), the ratio of FEV1 to FVC, and peak expiratory flow were measured in both groups using a spirometer. We observed significant differences (P < 0.05) in FEV1 and FVC between both groups. The study thus confirms that workers exposed to poor air quality at the construction site are susceptible to respiratory diseases, particularly ARDS. All of this reflects the poor enforcement of the adequate safety measures well enlisted in social legislations such as the Building and Other Construction Workers Act.

Indian Nurse’s Diaspora in Global Health Care; Uncovering the Key Findings About Migration of Nurses from Indian Perspective: A Review

There is no doubt that consequences of health workforce migration are serious for any developing coun-try. The world's largest health care migrating population is from India. India has a population of 1.38 bil-lion, about 17.7% of the world’s population and we, as a nation, are struggling to prepare future-ready health care professionals and our own health professionals’ needs are not met. However, large numbers of Indian nurses migrate to developed countries due to numerous factors. Economic factors are consid-ered main force for migration, but not always purely responsible, as nurses look for safety, security, re-spect, and dignity of their profession. This scoping review is employed to find causes, consequences, and strategies related to international migration of Indian Nurses.

Impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida en relación a la caries dental y los determinantes sociales en migrantes venezolanos Lima-2019 / Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life in Relation to Dental Caries and Social Determinants in Venezuelan Migrants Lima-2019

Resumen Evaluar los resultados del impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida mediante el OHIP-14 en relación a la caries dental y los determinantes sociales en migrantes venezolanos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en una población de 350 migrantes venezolanos (30.1±7,4 años; 52% Varones). Donde para evaluar el impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida se utilizó el cuestionario Oral Health Impact Profile spanish versión Lima (OHIP-14sp Lima), contrastándose tanto con factores clínicos (índice CPOD) como sociodemográficos, para poder determinar la influencia de estos sobre el instrumento. Se determinó el impacto de la salud oral en la calidad de vida (OHIP-14), según el promedio de puntaje general y por dimensiones. Posteriormente, se realizó un examen clínico evaluando la presencia de lesiones de caries dental (Índice CPOD) y se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos por medio de una encuesta. El promedio del OHIP-14sp Lima generó un impacto negativo del 10.6% en la población migrante. Donde la dimensión de Malestar Psicológico fue la que demostró una mayor frecuencia de impacto negativo con un porcentaje de 38,3%. Los resultados del OHIP-14 sp Lima en el total de migrantes evaluados, fueron bajos en términos porcentuales, generando en su mayoría un promedio de un impacto positivo. Sin embargo, no se puede descartar que factores sociodemográficos como el sexo y niveles de escolaridad; fueron factores que sí generaron un impacto negativo, afectando significativamente los resultados observados en una o varias de las dimensiones evaluadas mediante el instrumento OHIP-14 en el presente estudio.

Abstract To evaluate the results of the impact of oral health on quality of life through the OHIP-14 in relation to dental caries and social determinants in Venezuelan migrants. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of 350 Venezuelan migrants (30.1±7.4 years; 52% Men). Where to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life, the Oral Health Impact Profile Spanish version Lima questionnaire (OHIP-14sp Lima) was used, contrasting with both clinical (DMFT index) and sociodemographic factors, in order to determine the influence of these on the instrument. The impact of oral health on quality of life (OHIP-14) was determined, according to the average general score and by dimensions. Subsequently, a clinical examination was carried out evaluating the presence of dental caries lesions (DMFT Index) and sociodemographic data were collected through a survey. The average of the OHIP-14sp Lima generated a negative impact of 10.6% on the migrant population. The dimension of "Psychological Discomfort" was the one that showed a higher frequency of negative impact with a percentage of 38.3%. The results of the OHIP-14 sp Lima in the total of evaluated migrants were low in percentage terms, generating mostly an average of a positive impact. However, it cannot be ruled out that sociodemographic factors such as sex and levels of education; they were factors that did generate a negative impact, significantly affecting the results observed in one or more of the dimensions evaluated using the OHIP-14 instrument in the present study.

Seroprevalencia de SARS-CoV-2 y factores asociados en migrantes con vocación de permanencia, Bucaramanga, Colombia / SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated factors among migrants with a vocation for permanence, Bucaramanga, Colombia / Soroprevalência de SARS-CoV-2 e fatores associados em migrantes com vocação de permanência, Bucaramanga, Colômbia

Introducción: Existen pocos reportes que evalúen la seroprevalencia contra SARS-CoV-2 en población migrante en el mundo. Estos estudios ayudan a conocer la exposición al virus en las poblaciones para implementar acciones que reduzcan el impacto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia contra SARS CoV-2 en migrantes con vocación de permanencia en Bucaramanga, e identificar factores asociados a la infección previa por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal analítico con muestreo consecutivo. Se incluyeron migrantes adultos en Bucaramanga durante febrero/2021. Se realizaron encuestas e inmunoensayos de quimioluminiscencia para IgM e IgG contra SARS-CoV-2 en suero. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) con regresión log-binomial. Resultados:Se incluyeron 462 participantes. La seroprevalencia de IgM fue 11,7% (IC95% 9,1­14,9), de IgG fue 32,9% (IC95% 28,8­37,3) y de IgM o IgG fue 36,1% (IC95% 31,9-40,6). Exposición a un caso confirmado (RP:1,54; IC95%1,04-2,29) o sospechoso (RP:1,56; IC95%1,13-2,16) de COVID-19, seis o más convivientes (RP:1,52; IC95%1,05-2,20), estancia en Colombia ≥2 años (RP:1,43; IC95%1,11-1,92) y presencia de síntomas (RP:1,62; IC95%1,26 - 2,10) se asociaron con mayor seroprevalencia de IgG. Discusión:En Bucaramanga, la seroprevalencia en migrantes fue similar a la de migrantes en Kuwait, pero menor que en Paris y Singapur. Conclusión: En migrantes con vocación de permanencia la seroprevalencia contra SARS-CoV-2 fue similar a la reportada en residentes de Bucaramanga. El contacto con casos sospechosos/confirmados de COVID-19 y las condiciones de hacinamiento fueron algunos de los factores asociados a la seroprevalencia.

Introduction:There are few reports assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the migrant population in the world. These studies help to understand the exposure of populations to the virus to take actions to reduce the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objetive: To determine the anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in migrants with a vocation for permanence in Bucaramanga and to identify factors associated with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods:Analytical cross-sectional study using consecutive sampling, which included adult migrants in Bucaramanga in February 2021. Surveys were conducted, and chemiluminescent immunoassays were performed to detect IgM and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in serum samples. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using a log-binomial regression model. Results:The study enrolled 462 participants. IgM seroprevalence was 11.7% (95% CI 9.1­14.9), IgG seroprevalence was 32.9% (95% CI 28.8­37.3), and IgM or IgG seroprevalence was 36.1% (95% CI 31.9­40.6). Contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 (PR:1.54; 95% CI 1.04-2.29) or suspected case (PR:1.56; 95% CI 1.13­2.16); living with six or more people (PR: 1.52; 95% CI 1.05­2.20); stay in Colombia ≥ 2 years (PR:1.43; 95% CI 1.11­1.92), and presence of symptoms (PR:1.62; 95%CI 1.26­2.10) were some factors associated with higher IgG seroprevalence. Discussion: In Bucaramanga, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among migrants was similar to the seroprevalences of migrants in Kuwait but lower than migrants in Paris and Singapore. Conclusions: The anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among migrants with a vocation for permanence was similar to that reported among residents of Bucaramanga. Contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases and crowded conditions were some of the factors associated with seroprevalence.

Introdução: Existem poucos relatos que avaliam a soroprevalência contra SARS-CoV-2 na população migrante no mundo. Esses estudos ajudam a conhecer a exposição ao vírus nas populações para implementar ações que reduzam o impacto da infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Determinar a soroprevalência contra SARS CoV-2 em migrantes que pretendem permanecer em Bucaramanga e identificar fatores associados à infecção anterior por SARS-CoV-2. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo analítico transversal com amostragem consecutiva. Foram incluídos migrantes adultos em Bucaramanga durante fevereiro/2021. Foram realizados levantamentos e imunoensaios de quimioluminescência para IgM e IgG contra SARS-CoV-2 no soro. As razões de prevalência (RP) foram calculadas com regressão log-binomial. Resultados: foram incluídos 462 participantes. A soroprevalência de IgM foi de 11,7% (IC 95% 9,1-14,9), de IgG foi de 32,9% (IC 95% 28,8-37,3) e de IgM ou IgG foi de 36,1% (IC95% 31,9-40,6). Exposição a um caso confirmado (RP: 1,54; IC 95% 1,04-2,29) ou caso suspeito (RP: 1,56; IC 95% 1,13-2,16) de COVID-19, seis ou mais coabitantes (RP: 1,52; IC 95% 1,05 -2,20), permanência na Colômbia ≥2 anos (RP: 1,43; IC 95% 1,11-1,92) e presença de sintomas (RP: 1,62; IC95%1,26 - 2,10) foram associados a maior soroprevalência de IgG. Discussão: Em Bucaramanga, a soroprevalência em migrantes foi semelhante à de migrantes no Kuwait, mas menor do que em Paris e Cingapura. Conclusão: Em migrantes com vocação de permanência, a soroprevalência contra SARS-CoV-2 foi semelhante à relatada em residentes de Bucaramanga. O contato com casos suspeitos/confirmados de COVID-19 e as condições de superlotação foram alguns dos fatores associados à soroprevalência.

La salud como representación social: el fenómeno de la salud dentro de la cotidianidad de las personas migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica / Health as a social representation: The phenomenon of health within the daily life of nicaraguan migrants in Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: la salud está cargada de simbolismos y manifestaciones prácticas que difieren según los grupos sociales y los contextos socioculturales. Con el fin de visibilizar la cotidianidad y las necesidades, el paradigma teórico de las representaciones sociales aporta las bases teórico-metodológicas pertinentes para comprender los conocimientos de sentido común asociados a la salud entre la población migrante nicaragüense en Costa Rica. Metodología: estudio de abordaje cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico con el fin de identificar la representación social de la salud por medio de los procesos de la objetivación y el anclaje presentes entre las personas migrantes nicaragüenses radicadas en Costa Rica. Datos recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y diarios de campo. Procesamiento según análisis de contenido. Resultados: la representación social de la salud hallada se comporta de manera análoga a una fórmula, en donde la búsqueda de ambientes pacíficos se suma a la consecución de estabilidad financiera para dar como resultado dos representaciones interdependientes: 1) salud como fuerza físico-mental y 2) salud como sensación futura y abstracta de bienestar, felicidad y trascendencia. Los antecedentes socio-políticos en Nicaragua, el proceso migratorio, y la adaptación a Costa Rica juegan un rol preponderante en dicha conformación. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales sobre la salud poseen implicaciones prácticas directas sobre los modos de vida y las necesidades de los colectivos migrantes. Comprender su conocimiento de sentido común permite avanzar hacia políticas públicas más contextualizadas. Se recomienda mayor integración de los pensamientos, las opiniones y los sentimientos de las personas migrantes en plataformas de toma de decisiones

Abstract Introduction. Health is loaded with symbolisms and practical manifestations that differ according to social groups and sociocultural contexts. In order to make everyday life and needs visible, the Theoretical Paradigm of Social Representations provides the theoretical-methodological bases necessary to understand the common sense knowledge associated with health among the Nicaraguan migrant population in Costa Rica. Methodology: Qualitative study with ethnographic approach that aimed to identify the social representation of health, through the process of objectification, present among Nicaraguan migrants living in Costa Rica. Data collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and field diaries. Processing according to Content Analysis. Results: The social representation of health found behaves analogously to a formula; where, the search for peaceful environments is added to the achievement of financial stability to result in two interdependent representations: 1) Health as physical-mental strength; and 2) Health as a future and abstract sensation of well-being, happiness and transcendence. The socio-political antecedents in Nicaragua, the migratory process, and the adaptation to Costa Rica play a preponderant role in shaping the representation on health. Conclusion: Social representations about health have direct practical implications on the ways of life and needs of migrant groups. Understanding their common sense knowledge allows to move towards more contextualized public policies. More integration of the thoughts, opinions and feelings of migrants in decision-making platforms is recommended.

Representaciones sociales sobre la migración haitiana en la escuela chilena / Social representations of Haitian migration in Chilean schools / Representações sociais sobre a migração haitiana na escola chilena

Resumen (analítico) Se parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo representan las y los escolares chilenos de educación básica de una escuela pública de Santiago a sus compañeras y compañeros migrantes haitianos? Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo que recurre a la encuesta como instrumento fundamental de estudio. Las variables examinadas son el género y el nivel escolar según la edad del estudiantado, dando como resultado, por un lado, que las estudiantes de género femenino y quienes cursan de 1º a 4º año básico tienden a representar socialmente al estudiantado haitiano de modo positivo y, por otro lado, que los estudiantes de género masculino y quienes cursan de 5º a 8º año básico tienden a generar representaciones prejuiciosas y desestimadas de las y los migrantes.

Abstract (analytical) This research begins with the following question: How do Chilean school children in a public primary school in Santiago represent their Haitian migrant classmates? A quantitative approach was with a survey selected as the main data collection tool. The variables included gender and year level. The results show that female students and those aged between 6 and 9 tend to socially represent Haitian students in an evaluative manner while male students and those aged between 10 and 15 tend to generate prejudiced and dismissive representations of migrants.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo parte da seguinte pergunta: Como os escolares chilenos do ensino básico de uma escola pública de Santiago representam seus companheiros migrantes haitianos? É utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa que utiliza a pesquisa como um instrumento de estudo fundamental. As variáveis examinadas são gênero e nível escolar de acordo com a idade do corpo discente, resultando, por um lado, que estudantes do sexo feminino e entre 6 e 9 anos tendem a representar socialmente os alunos haitianos de forma avaliativa e, por outro lado, que estudantes do sexo masculino e entre 10 e 15 anos tendem a gerar representações preconceituosas e subestimadas dos migrantes.

Correlations of long working hours and shift work with sleep of migrant workers / 环境与职业医学

Background Long working hours (LWH) and shift work are harmful to the physical and mental health of occupational groups. Objective To understand the status quo of LWH and shift work of migrant workers in Shanghai, and to analyze the influence of the above two factors on sleep of the population. Methods From July to September 2018, a cross-sectional survey using questionnaires was conducted among 3215 in-service employees at seven workplaces with more than 300 employees in six selected districts of Shanghai using multi-stage random sampling method. A total of 2976 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.6%. The questionnaires included general demographic characteristics, personal health behavior, work-related factors, weekly working hours, shift work, and sleep. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the relationships of LWH and shift work with sleep, and an interaction item was included to evaluate potential interaction between LWH and shift work. Result The average age of the subjects was (30.98±9.49) years old, the male to female ratio was 1∶1.20, and 2382 workers were reported without local residency (80.0%). Among the migrant workers, the average weekly working hours was (57.23±13.14) h, the proportions of LWH (weekly working hours>40 h), extra LWH (weekly working hours>55 h), and shift work were 80.6% (1919/2382), 60.3% (1436/2382), and 25.4% (600/2366), respectively, all above were significantly higher than those of local workers. The prevalence rates of insomnia and lack of sleep among the migrant workers were 46.3% (1091/2356) and 25.4% (597/2354), respectively. The results of logistic regression model showed that after adjusting demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, and monthly income, as well as occupation and personal health behavior, compared with working hours ≤40 h per week, working 55-60 h per week was a risk factor for insomnia of migrant workers (OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.02-1.72), while working >60 h per week was a risk factor for both insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.05-1.78) and insufficient sleep (OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.28-2.35) of migrant workers. Shift work was only associated with insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.69). Meanwhile, working hours>60 h per week and shift work had an interaction effect on insomnia of migrant workers (OR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.20-4.60). Conclusion LWH and shift work are prominent among migrant workers, and there is an interaction between LWH and shift work with insomnia.

Difficulties Vietnamese Technical Intern Trainees Face in Obtaining Medical Services in Japan / 国際保健医療

Purpose  The number of Vietnamese technical intern trainees is increasing annually due to the revision of the Immigration Control Law in Japan. However, there are few studies focusing on the trainees’ health issues and medical consultations. This study aims to clarify the difficulties they face in obtaining healthcare services after coming to Japan.Method  Semi-structured interviews regarding the difficulties faced by trainees in accessing medical services were conducted. Twelve Vietnamese technical intern trainees (eight men [66.6%] and four women [33.4%] with an average age of 26.3 years and average stay period of 2 years and 3 months) living in the Kansai area were interviewed. Data analysis was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method.Results and Discussion  Four categories of difficulties in receiving medical treatment were found: “no hospital visits unless the situation worsens,” “inability to receive medical services without the support of company or supervising organization officials,” “inability to seek confirmation even if they have questions or are dissatisfied,” and “hesitation for seeking medical help due to work and scheduling.”   For Vietnamese technical intern trainees, the company or supervising organization officials’ support played an important role in accessing medical services. Moreover, even if the trainees had doubts or dissatisfactions, they were unable to ask questions and receive confirmation. Therefore, it is necessary not only to actively explain the need for medical services to the company or supervising organization officials but also to ask the trainees if they have any doubts.Conclusion  The company and supervising organization official’s support played an important role at accessing medical service. It will be essential to cooperate not only with them but also with the occupational health field and regional medical institutions.

Niñez migrante en Chile: metasíntesis de experiencias educativas con enfoque de derechos / Migrant children in Chile: Metasynthesis of educational experiences using a rights-based approach / Crianças migrantes no Chile: Metas-síntese de experiências educacionais com enfoque de direitos

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta el resultado de una metasíntesis cualitativa de experiencias educativas de la niñez migrante en Chile, realizada a partir del análisis de los principales estándares de cumplimiento de los derechos de los niños y niñas, específicamente de los principios derivados del derecho a la educación. Durante septiembre de 2019 se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en las bases de datos Ebscohost, SciELO, Dialnet y Redalyc, principalmente. Se incluyeron artículos originales derivados de investigaciones realizadas en Chile sobre niñez migrante y educación. Los resultados indican que, si bien los principios de acceso y disponibilidad están más bien resueltos en materia de educación, los desafíos radican en fortalecer procesos de inclusión educativa desde una perspectiva intercultural.

Abstract (analytical) This article presents a study based on a qualitative metasynthesis of educational experiences of migrant children in Chile using a children's rights perspective based on compliance with these rights, specifically the right to education. A systematic review of articles was carried out in September 2019 using the EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet and Redalyc databases. This literature review focused on original articles describing research in on migrant children and education in Chile. The results indicate that although the principles of access and availability are considered an educational issue, challenges involve strengthening educational inclusion processes using an intercultural perspective.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta um estudo baseado em uma metassíntese qualitativa de experiências educacionais de crianças migrantes no Chile sob uma perspectiva de direitos, com base nos principais padrões de cumprimento dos direitos das crianças, especificamente nos princípios derivados da lei para a educação. Uma revisão sistemática dos artigos foi realizada em setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet e Redalyc, principalmente artigos originais derivados de pesquisas realizadas no Chile sobre crianças e educação migrantes. Os resultados indicam que, embora os princípios de acesso e disponibilidade sejam bastante resolvidos na educação, os desafios estão no fortalecimento dos processos de inclusão educacional a partir de uma perspectiva intercultural.

Escolares migrantes y profesorado: reflejos de la opresión en la escuela chilena actual / Migrant students and teachers: reflections on oppression in Chilean schools / Alunos e professores migrantes: reflexões de opressão na atual escola chilena

Resumen (analítico) El artículo, derivado de una investigación cualitativa, analiza críticamente la tesis referida a la condición de opresión compartida entre los docentes y alumnado migrante que está arribando sostenidamente a la escuela chilena. Ambos actores oprimidos, en el sentido freiriano, son analizados en el espacio escolar a través de una revisión documental, retomando conceptos claves de la teoría de la reproducción de Bourdieu y Passeron y de los planteamientos de Althusser, que significan la escuela en su función ideológica y represora. La condición de opresión prevalece a las diferencias culturales, siendo los docentes también migrantes en la escuela tensionada por la diversidad cultural. Se concluye que un primer paso para la liberación radica en la toma de conciencia de dicha circunstancia, emergiendo como esperanza liberadora la construcción de una pedagogía crítica latinoamericana.

Abstract (analytical) This paper is based on qualitative research and critically analyzes the thesis referring to the condition of shared oppression between teachers and migrant students who are steadily enrolling in Chilean schools. In the Freirean sense, both oppressed actors are analyzed in the school space through a literature review that refers to key concepts of Bourdieu and Passeron's theory of reproduction and Althusser's statements, which view the school in its ideological and repressive function. The condition of oppression prevails to cultural differences, with both teachers and migrant students in the school being stressed by cultural diversity. It is concluded that a first step for liberation lies in awareness of this circumstance, which emerges as a liberating hope the construction of a critical Latin American Pedagogy.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo, derivado de pesquisa qualitativa, analisa criticamente a tese referente à condição de opressão compartilhada entre professores e estudantes migrantes que chegam constantemente à escola chilena. Ambos atores oprimidos, no sentido freiriano, são analisados no espaço escolar, através de uma revisão documental, retomando conceitos-chave da teoria da reprodução das abordagens de Bourdieu e Passeron e Althusser, o que significa a escola em sua função ideológica e repressiva. A condição de opressão prevalece às diferenças culturais, os professores também são migrantes na escola tensionada pela diversidade cultural. Conclui-se que um primeiro passo para a libertação reside na consciência desta circunstância, emergindo como uma esperança libertadora a construção de uma pedagogia crítica latino-americana.

Health self-assessment of the migrant workers received physical examination in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective:To understand the health self-assessment and related influencing factors in the migrant workers who received of physical examination in Shanghai， so as to provide reference for formulating health service policies for migrant workers. Methods:Taking Shanghai "Intelligent Blue Collar" Health Science Popularization Service Station as the investigation site， 8，100 urban workers were surveyed by questionnaire. The questionnaire includes basic information， health self-assessment， basic medical insurance coverage and satisfaction， subjective well-being and so on. Results:There were significant differences between migrant workers and local workers in health self-assessment， two-week disease prevalence rate， and chronic disease prevalence rate（χ2=32.981，P<0.05；χ2=4.554，P<0.05；χ2=86.695，P<0.05）. The differences between migrant workers and local workers were also significant in the basic medical insurance coverage rate and the level of satisfaction （χ2=221.592，P<0.05；χ2=30.950，P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in subjective well-being between these two groups（χ2=8.787，P>0.05）. The health self-assessment of older migrant workers was significantly better than that of new generation migrant workers（β=0.062，P<0.05）， and was significantly worse in female migrant workers than that in male migrant workers（β=-0.120，P<0.05）. The health self-assessment was significantly better in migrant workers with agricultural household registration than that in non-agricultural household registration（β=0.060，P<0.05）. The higher the satisfaction of basic medical insurance，the higher the subjective well-being and the better the health self-assessment（β=0.148，P<0.05；β=0.422，P<0.05）. Conclusion:The health status of migrant workers in Shanghai who received physical examination is better than that of local workers， and the participation rate of basic medical insurance is lower than that of local workers. Age， gender and household registration are the important factors influencing the health self-assessment. Satisfaction with basic medical insurance level and subjective well-being is a significant factor to predict health self-assessment positively . We should further improve the fairness of medical insurance benefits for migrant workers， improve subjective well-being， and ensure the health fairness of the group.

Investigation and analysis on pneumoconiosis in migrant workers without liability subject in Hunan Province / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis among migrant workers without liability subject(hereinafter referred to as Pneumoconiosis without Liability Subject) in Hunan Province. METHODS: The cases of pneumoconiosis without liability subject from 2017 to 2019 in Hunan Province were selected as the research subjects using typical sampling method. They were clinical diagnosis by occupational disease diagnostic institutions. The distributions of age, gender, length of service, area, type of work, type of pneumoconiosis, pneumoconiosis stage and the situation of poor households with filing and registration card were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 18 870 cases of pneumoconiosis without liability subject were clinically diagnosed in Hunan Province from 2017 to 2019. The patients were mainly males(accounting for 99.8%), with the age ranged 50-65 years old(64.7%). Most of them had dust exposure service length of 5-29 years(78.4%). The cases of stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ pneumoconiosis accounted for 32.2%, 26.0% and 41.8% respectively. The main types of disease were coal workers′ pneumoconiosis and silicosis(accounted for 99.3%). The first five geographical distributions were Chenzhou City, Zhuzhou City, Hengyang City, Yiyang City and Shaoyang City, accounting for 17.9%, 14.6%, 14.1%, 11.8% and 9.2% respectively. The distribution of work types were mainly mine-related jobs(91.3%). There were 1 774 cases who had complications(9.4%), of which the top three complications were emphysema, pulmonary and bronchial infection and tuberculosis. There were 3 662 cases with poor households archives and cards(19.4%). CONCLUSION: The hazards of pneumoconiosis among migrant workers in Hunan Province should not be ignored. In 2017, Hunan Province took the lead in launching a large-scale basic medical treatment and rescue operation for migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, which helped solve the problem of pneumoconiosis in migrant workers who had no professional history certification and responsible employer.

Evaluating the effect of intervention on the use of respiratory protective equipment among migrant workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of intervention adherence on the use of respiratory protective equipment(RPE) among migrant workers who occupationally exposed to organic solvents. METHODS: A total of 901 migrant workers from 60 small and medium-sized enterprises exposed to organic solvents in a district of Guangzhou City were selected as study subjects using three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. The enterprises were divided into control group, intervention group, and combined intervention group. Migrant workers in the control group did not receive any intervention, while migrant workers in the intervention group received traditional health education and mobile health(mHealth) intervention, and migrant workers in the combined intervention group received interventions of the intervention group plus peer education. The use of RPE by the migrant workers was evaluated in these three groups in the last week, and at the sixth month. RESULTS: The adherence rates of the three mHealth intervention measures(following the WeChat official account of the project, joining the WeChat/QQ group of the project, and reading the provided messages from project team) in the combined intervention group were higher than that in the intervention group(74.8% vs 53.6%, 70.7% vs 41.8%, 78.5% vs 65.0%, all P<0.01). In the two intervention groups, the adherence rates of traditional health education(attending occupational health training, and browsing public welfare posters) were higher than that of mHealth intervention and/or peer education(all P<0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that regardless of mHealth intervention, traditional health education or peer education, the high compliance subgroups of the two intervention groups were more likely to wear RPE all the time(all P<0.05) compared with the control group. The intervention effectiveness of the combined intervention group was better than that of the intervention group. CONCLUSION: Improving compliance with occupational health education interventions can promote the use of RPE among migrant workers. The implementation of peer education is beneficial to improve intervention compliance and intervention effect of migrant workers.